SMPS (Switching Mode Power Supply)

SMPS is basically a highly efficient power supply unit that incorporates a switching regulator.In all power supply units there will be a regulator section for maintaining the desired output levels. In ordinary linear regulator there will be transistor operating in active mode.Here desired output is maintained by dissipating power in power transistors. So when ever the device is on it will be consuming power.So due to these reasons there is a huge power losses. Hence their maximum efficiency is only 50%.But switched-mode power supply regulates either output voltage or current by switching ideal storage elements, like inductors and capacitors into and out of different electrical configurations.Here a transistor is switched between active mode and cut off mode. A pulse width modulated wave is used for this switching. A block diagram is shown below.
Input to the SMPS is the AC power supply. Initially it is full wave rectified and then filtered to obtain a DC waveform. It is then send to a chopper section where this DC wave is chopped to get a high frequency wave. Usually the frequency of the chopped wave is kept above 20kHz to make it inaudible for humans. It is then fed to to the output transformer to transform the voltage levels of desired range. Here the transformer size is very small since the operating frequency is very high. A transformer's power handling capacity of given size and weight increases with frequency provided that hysteresis losses can be kept down. Therefore, higher operating frequency means either higher capacity or smaller transformer.This is why SMPS is of small size when compared with ordinary power supplies which operate at low power supply.The output of this transformer is fed to the output rectifier and filter stage in order to convert it again to DC. The output is fed back to chopper via chopper controller. Chopper controller senses the variations in the load and adjust the duty cycle of the chopping pulse . As the duty cycle increases the power delivered increases.

This method draws only the power required by the load. In all SMPS topologies, the transistors are always switched fully on or fully off.Thus the efficiency is very high (around 90-95%). This method also gives better regulation.Since small transistors are used heat generated is also very less.Due to these advantages these are widely used for PC power supplies,Mobile Phone chargers and many more.

Computer Servers For Dummies

 


 To begin with, servers are defined as computers that are configured in such a way that they are able to provide specialized services to a specific client user or machine. They serve as task masters that manage a variety of services such as files, system jobs, network requests, and other various processes. Although they can be used for a myriad of purposes, servers primarily function as web hosting solutions.

The Wonder of Web Servers

Servers have become a very versatile solution for a variety of user needs. May it be file storage management, a network firewall, an email server, or simply as a web hosting solution, servers are the answer to almost every need. In fact, it would be very difficult to find any type of contemporary business or company that does not make use of some sort of server.

One of the biggest misconceptions about web servers is that they might be too complicated for the average Joe. The truth is, they are quite simple to manage and so long as a user has some level of technical knowledge, he should be good to go. In fact, setting up a server for one’s own website isn’t too much of a daunting task. Although it will still require a certain level of computer know-how, it is no Herculean feat at all. With a little research, some patience, and a whole lot of resourcefulness, one could very easily set up a personal server for one’s own site. This is also made possible by the fact that most server providers equip their users with easy-to-use tools to make the entire process much more user-friendly.

The Basics Types of Web Servers

When it comes to the configuration of web hosting servers, they generally come in three different offerings. First is shared web hosting which is the most common type of web server today. This immense fame is brought about by both its affordability and simplicity. Websites that run on shared servers will (obviously) share the same IP address as well as make use of the same system resources.

The second web hosting option for users is dedicated servers. As its name implies, websites that make use of a dedicated server will have full rights and control of the whole system. Because of the fact that they do not share their servers with other websites, this also means that they will have exclusive access to all the resources of the system.

The Keys to Success

Because of websites’ growing need for more hard drive storage space and bandwidth, servers have become more and more of a requirement rather than an option. Each individual or business will have a different set of requirements and needs which means there is no one-size-fits-all sort of web hosting solution for everyone. However, the good thing is that it isn’t that difficult to set up a specific type of server that will fulfil the needs of one’s own website. Doing a little online research will definitely be helpful in this regard as there are a multitude of websites that provide information and tips on how to set up a server for all sorts of business website.

CPU (central processing unit)

The CPU is the brain of your PC, executing the instructions of the software programs you run, such as Windows XP, Linux, Word, and Quicken. Most PCs are referred to by their CPU and speed, such as a "2GHz Pentium 4" or a "1.4GHz Athlon." Currently, all CPUs being manufactured for use in PCs run at speeds from a minimum of 500 megahertz (MHz) to more than 2 gigahertz (GHz), where hertz (Hz) expresses the number clock cycles the CPU steps through in one second.

If you should as, "What can a CPU do in a single step?" the answer is "It depends on the CPU." All CPUs can actually do several things at the same time, and the designers squeeze every drop of performance they can out of a clock cycle. Although it's no longer true that equivalent speed ratings for Intel and AMD CPUs express equivalent performance, the numbers are valid for comparing performance within a family of CPUs. Thus, a 2 GHz Pentium 4 can execute 33 percent more instructions/second than a 1.5 GHz Pentium 4. We'll talk more about how the speed of the CPU impacts the overall performance of the PC in the next chapter.

Intel Pentium CPU
One of the biggest bottlenecks to CPU performance is memory speed. These huge numbers for CPU speed we are casually throwing around don't mean much of anything unless the CPU can be supplied with instructions to carry out and data to operate on. To minimize the amount of time CPUs spend waiting for memory, small amounts of super-fast memory called cache are included in the CPU package. The Athlon has the biggest cache at 384 KB, followed by the Pentium 4, the Pentium III, the Duron, and the Celeron. Depending on the type of work the CPU is doing, it might find as much as 90 percent of the data it is looking for in cache. Considering that the CPU cache is likely to amount to less than 1 percent of the total system memory, that's pretty good hit rate.

The Promotional Gifts Please The Consumers And Leave A Good Impact On Them

Printed pens - a promotional tool for all businesses - advertising a brand is important in order to attract consumers towards the products. There are a number of methods that may be used for promoting the company and for creating brand awareness. Until and unless consumers do not know about a particular brand they may not trust it and buy products from it.

Generally the big companies make use of television and print advertisement to attract the potential consumers towards their company. - the most cost - effective promotional tool that can be used for promoting a brand is through promotional products like printed pens and other such promotional items. These promotional tools are effective but are very expensive due to which they can be used by all the companies. The promotional pens are low cost products that can have the company name printed on the body. The promotional gifts please the consumers and leave a good impact on them. These printed pens can be used as promotional gifts and gifted to the consumers so that they can get to know about the company. This further attracts the consumers to the company and helps in its advertisement.

They are not only cheaper, as compared to the other promotional items, but more useful as well. - a number of companies are using these printed pens as promotional products for their company as these promotional pens have a number of advantages. These promotional gifts are light in weight and compact in size which makes it easy to carry them anywhere. Therefore if an organisation is aiming at the masses and not at people of a particular age group or gender then the printed pens can be the best product that can be used by them. At the same time the printed pens are used in our day to day life and are a product that can be gifted to people of all age groups. The company name and logo can be displayed on the printed pens so that it is visible to the consumers and can inform them about the company.

Log on to www. ideasbynet. com to view the different types and styles of printed pens that can be used as promotional tool by you. - these promotional items may be selected as per your requirement so that they can relate to your company and remind the consumers of the same. The website has a massive range of promotional gifts that can help in promoting your brand and attracting consumers towards it. All these products are of the best quality and are available at the most reasonable prices. At Ideasbynet you can find highlighter pens, crayons and other, colour pencils types of printed writing tools that can be used instead of the printed pens. These promotional tools can be used for all business houses as they require less investment and are very effective.

Recent Events at Orla Murphy Jewellery

Last week I was delighted to be interviewed by Emma Connolly of Cork's Evening Echo. Our diamante earrings were pictured in Cork News in their article on dressing for your debs. In fact many of our necklaces and earrings, recently added to our web site, would be a perfect addition to that all important debs dress. We also got a mention in the Cork Independent who carried an article on a recent Fashion Show in aid of the Niall Mellonn Trust, where we sponsored Best Dressed Lady, which was won by a very trendy Laura Morley. Bling It On! was the caption used by Stylist, AnneMarie O'Connor when she talked about us in her recent News Trends in the Irish Examiner. On Friday 13th (unlucky for some!) our jewellery was expertly modelled by the girls from Lockdown Models at a Fashion Show in Timoleague. Last, but not least, we were delighted to exhibit our jewellery at yesterdays, Irish Examiner Autum/Winter Fashion Show at the Rose of Tralee.

Five Important Rules for Yoga

The word "Yoga" drives from Indian Sanskrit "yug" or "yuj" which means harmony and accordance. It is a traditional mental and physical discipline, originated in India, which helps people to develop their potentiality. The essences of yoga lies in attaining mental peace, improving concentration powers, harmony in relationship and a relaxed state of living. Yoga postures are easy to learn and improve their capability in psychology, emotion, spirit and physiology. In recent years, Yoga becomes a popular exercise, especially for women because it has many benefits.

The most important benefit of yoga is physical and mental therapy. Study shows that yoga can reduce the catabolic process of cell deterioration and slow down the aging process because it could keep your body in clean, flexible and well lubricated states. And yoga is a good mental therapy which could influence all system and organs of the body according to medical experts. It is a preventive and curative therapy.

The word "Yoga" drives from Indian Sanskrit "yug" or "yuj" which means harmony and accordance. It is a traditional mental and physical discipline, originated in India, which helps people to develop their potentiality. The essences of yoga lies in attaining mental peace, improving concentration powers, harmony in relationship and a relaxed state of living. Yoga postures are easy to learn and improve their capability in psychology, emotion, spirit and physiology. In recent years, Yoga becomes a popular exercise, especially for women because it has many benefits.

The most important benefit of yoga is physical and mental therapy. Study shows that yoga can reduce the catabolic process of cell deterioration and slow down the aging process because it could keep your body in clean, flexible and well lubricated states. And yoga is a good mental therapy which could influence all system and organs of the body according to medical experts. It is a preventive and curative therapy.

And then, people with high blood pressure, back pain and respiration problem could get many benefits from yoga. For high blood pressure people, yoga could pay a positive role in treatment. Under regular practice of yoga, people with respiration problem could gradually control their breath. In brief, yoga is conducive to people's health.

But yoga has its own features. You could abide by some rules when you practice yoga. At first, you should choose the best time to go yoga. Generally speaking, people go yoga in the morning, afternoon and at noon. Actually, you could practice it all the day if only your stomach is empty. In other words, you shouldn't practice it within three hours after meals. But yogi believes that four to six o'clock in the morning is the best time.

And then, place plays an important role. You'd better to practice it in a clean and comfortable room with sufficient space for stretching yourself. Green plants, flowers and soft music can help you to relax nerves. An open area without gale, pollution and strong sunlight is also a great choice to practice yoga.

Third, some props are necessarily. Yoga mat has a cushioning action and help you to keep balance. For beginners, yoga rope, yoga strap, yoga socks, and yoga block are other necessities to practice some difficult postures. By the way, you could purchase a yoga mat on online stores because they usually sell yoga mat with other props. It is easy and convenient for you to prepare for the learning.

Fourth, the cloth should be loose and soft. The cotton material is the best choice. When you practice it, you should take off shoes, socks (except for in winter), watch, glass, belt and other accouterments.

Fifth, it isn't a good habit to practice yoga twenty minutes before and after taking a shower. It could hurt your health and consume your energy if you take a shower before practice it. The blood circulation could speed up after take a shower. In this way, it could increase your blood pressure, and add the burden on heart. The best way is taking a cold shower after practice it.

Yogic theory and practice increases self-knowledge which is a spiritual sort pertaining to grasp something about the nature. You could get lost in a rush of activities and push of desires after you are at peace, as a being and at rest state.

Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/5383039

Telnet

Telnet is a program that allows you to log into computers on the Internet and use online databases, library catalogs, chat services, and more. There are no graphics in Telnet sessions, just text. To Telnet to a computer, you must know its address. This can consist of words (locis.loc.gov) or numbers (140.147.254.3). Some services require you to connect to a specific port on the remote computer. In this case, type the port number after the Internet address. Example: telnet nri.reston.va.us 185.

Telnet is available on the World Wide Web. Probably the most common Web-based resources available through Telnet have been library catalogs, though most catalogs have since migrated to the Web. A link to a Telnet resource may look like any other link, but it will launch a Telnet session to make the connection. A Telnet program must be installed on your local computer and configured to your Web browser in order to work.

With the increasing popularity of the Web, Telnet has become less frequently used as a means of access to information on the Internet.